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Videos on related topics are listed in suggested viewing order.
To search for a particular topic, type Control-F in Windows, or Command-F on a Mac.
Some topics in these videos may not be covered in some courses.
I am not an expert on the topics covered in these videos. The videos may contain errors; viewer beware.
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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| Physics: "Sine, cosine, and tangent: SOH CAH TOA". How to use SOH CAH TOA to solve problems involving sine, cosine, and tangent. How to use inverse sine, inverse cosine, and inverse tangent.
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Brief answers to the problems |
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Full solutions to the problems |
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General kinematics handout |
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| Physics: "Sine, cosine, and tangent: the unit circle". The unit circle interpretation of sine, cosine, and tangent. How to determine certain values for sine, cosine, and tangent without a calculator. How to predict whether sine, cosine, and tangent will be positive or negative. How to predict whether sine, cosine, and tangent will increase or decrease when you increase the angle. The connection between the unit circle interpretation and SOH CAH TOA.
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Brief answers to the problems |
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| Physics: "Vector components". How to break a vector in components. How to determine the the magnitude and direction of a vector from its components.
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Solutions to the problems |
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| Physics: "Projectile motion problems, explained step by step". How to solve two-dimensional projectile motion problems.
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Projectile motion handout |
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Brief answers to the problems |
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Full solutions to the problems |
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| Physics: "Newton's Second Law problems, explained step by step". How to solve Newton's Second Law problems. Inclined planes. Kinetic friction. Static friction
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Newton's Second Law problems handout |
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Forces handout |
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General kinematics handout |
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Answers to the problems |
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Brief solutions to the problems |
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Step-by-step solutions |
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| Physics: "Newton's Second Law problems: Multiple objects". How to solve Newton's Second Law problems involving multiple objects. Two objects connected by a rope. Two objects in contact with each other
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Newton's Second Law for multiple objects handout |
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Forces handout |
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General kinematics handout |
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Brief answers to the problems |
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Brief solutions to the problems |
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Step-by-step solutions to the problems |
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| Physics: "Circular motion problems, explained step by step". How to solve circular motion problems. Motion in horizontal and vertical circles. Uniform circular motion. Radial acceleration. Radial force. Angular speed
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Newton's Second Law for circular motion handout |
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Formulas for uniform circular motion handout |
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Answers to the problems |
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Brief solutions to the problems |
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Step-by-step solutions |
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Physics:
“Conservation of mechanical energy”. Kinetic energy,
gravitational potential energy, spring potential energy. Conservation of mechanical
energy. Conservation of momentum |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Physics:
“Work. Conservation of energy”. Kinetic energy.
Work. Gravitational potential energy. Total mechanical energy. Conservation
of mechanical energy. Spring potential energy. Conservation of energy
problems |
Work and energy |
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Physics: “More on work and conservation of energy”. Kinetic energy. Work and the work-energy theorem. Conservative and nonconservative forces. Gravitational potential energy; spring potential energy. Total mechanical energy. Net Wnc = ΔE. Conservation of energy problems. A problem in which mechanical energy is not conserved. |
Work and energy |
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Physics: “Conservation of energy & momentum problem”. A problem involving conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, and elastic, inelastic, and totally inelastic collisions |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Work and energy |
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Momentum |
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Physics: “Rotational kinematics and
torque”. Rotational kinematics.
Angular displacement (Δθ); angular velocity (ω); angular
acceleration (α). Torque |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Torque”. Torque and rotational motion. |
Rotation |
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Physics: “Conservation of energy with rotation”. Conservation of energy applied to rotational motion. |
Work and energy |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Energy, momentum, torque”. Conservation
of momentum, conservation of energy, |
Work and energy |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Torque. Statics problems”. Torque. Statics problems |
Rotation |
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Statics |
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Physics: “Statics”. Translational and rotational equilibrium |
Rotation |
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Physics: “Rotational statics and dynamics problems” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Oscillations. Springs and pendulums”. Oscillations. Simple harmonic motion. Horizontal springs. Pendulums. Vertical springs. Amplitude, period, frequency, and angular frequency |
Oscillations |
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Problems discussed in the video |
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Physics: “Waves. Standing waves”. Waves. Amplitude, frequency, wavelength, wave speed. Standing waves. String fixed at both ends; pipe open at both ends; pipe open at one end and closed at one end |
Waves |
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Problems discussed in the video |
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Physics: “Waves and oscillations”. Period, frequency, angular frequency, wavelength, amplitude. Simple harmonic motion; springs; conservation of energy. |
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Physics: “Wave motion”. Transverse vs. longitudinal waves. Wave graphs. Velocity (v) versus frequency (f); frequency (f) versus angular frequency (ω) |
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Physics: “Fluids—pressure and buoyant force”. Pressure; gauge pressure. Density. Buoyant force |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “A buoyant-force problem” |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Ideal gas law. Heat, temperature, phase”. Pressure; gauge pressure. Ideal gas law. Heat, temperature, and phase changes; specific heat and heat of transformation |
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Physics: “First Law of Thermodynamics”. First Law of Thermodynamics; internal energy, heat, work. P-V curves. Special processes: isobaric (constant pressure); isochoric (constant volume); cyclic; isothermal (constant temperature); adiabatic (zero heat exchange). State functions |
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Physics: “Thermodynamic processes”. First Law of Thermodynamics and
thermodynamic processes. Isobaric, isochoric (constant volume), isothermal,
and adiabatic processes. Molar specific heat (C). A problem involving
thermodynamic processes |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics”. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy as a state function. General formulas for calculating entropy change. How to calculate entropy change for phase change or temperature change problems. The Second Law of Thermodynamics; reversible vs. irreversible processes. Entropy change in isothermal processes, adiabatic processes, and adiabatic free expansions |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electric field and electric force”. Electric charge. Electric force; Coulomb’s law. Net electric force from a charge distribution; the superposition principle. Electric field. Coulomb’s law for electric field. Net electric field from a charge distribution; the superposition principle for electric field |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Physics: “Coulomb’s law” |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electric field lines and Gauss's law”. Electric field lines.
Electric flux. Gauss's law. Using Gauss's law to determine the electric field
from charge distributions with spherical symmetry and plane symmetry |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electric potential and potential energy”. Electric potential
energy. Electric potential. Electric potential difference (“voltage”)
and change in electric potential energy |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Physics: “Application of Gauss's law to line symmetry”. Using Gauss's law to determine the electric field from a charge distribution with line symmetry. Determining the electric potential difference from a nonuniform electric field. |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Physics: “Electric circuits. Resistors”. Electric circuits. Voltage
sources and drops. Current. Current and voltage for circuit elements in
series or parallel. Kirchhoff's loop law; Kirchhoff’s node law.
Resistance. Ohm's law. Equivalent resistance for resistors in series or
parallel |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Physics: “A problem involving electric current” |
Problem discussed in the video |
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Physics: “Adding resistors to electric circuits”. Adding or dropping resistors to electric circuits, in series or parallel--effects on equivalent resistance, current, voltage, and power. |
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Physics: “Magnetic field and force. Right-hand rules”. Right-hand rule
for the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge; right-hand rule
for the direction of the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire. Magnitude
of the magnetic force on a moving charge; magnitude of the magnetic force on
a current-carrying wire. Right-hand rule for the direction of the magnetic
field from a long straight wire. The magnitude of the magnetic field from a
long straight wire |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Magnetic field and force |
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Physics: “Net magnetic field from current-carrying wires”. Sources of electric and magnetic fields. Net magnetic field from multiple current-carrying wires. Magnetic force on a moving charge. Right-hand rules. Circular trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic field |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Magnetic field and force |
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Physics: “Balancing electric and magnetic forces”. Selecting particles of a particular velocity by adjusting electric and magnetic fields; using the right-hand rule for magnetic force. |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law”. Magnetic flux. Electromagnetic induction; induced emf; induced current. Faraday's law of induction; Lenz's law. Two problems with changing magnetic field; a problem with changing area |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential energy |
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Magnetic field and force |
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Electromagnetic induction |
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Physics: “Capacitors and inductors; RC and RL circuits”. Behavior of voltage, charge and current over time in electric circuits with capactors; charging and discharging RC circuits; the time constant. Behavior of voltage and current over time in circuits with inductors; RL circuit with battery, and with battery removed |
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Physics: “Alternating current; RLC circuits”. Alternating current (AC) circuits. Root-mean-square (rms) voltage and current. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors in AC circuits; phasor diagrams for resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Power in AC circuits. Reactance (X); impedance (Z). Resonant frequency. An RLC circuit problem |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Electromagnetic waves”. Electromagnetic waves. Intensity. The right-hand-rule for determining the direction of propagation. Amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Peak electric and magnetic field strengths |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Polarization. Law of Malus”. Polarization of electromagnetic waves. The Law of Malus |
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Physics: “Optics of lenses and mirrors”. Introduction to the optics of lenses and mirrors. Concave, convex, converging, diverging; real, virtual; upright, inverted, magnified, shrunk. Sign conventions for focal length, image distance, object distance, magnification. The lens/mirror equation; the magnification equation. Introduction to ray tracing. |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Lenses and mirrors. Ray tracing”. Lenses and mirrors. Ray tracing. Harder problems |
Optics |
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Problems discussed in video |
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Physics: “Multiple lenses and mirrors”. Multiple lenses and mirrors. Ray tracing when the object distance is negative |
Optics |
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Problem discussed in video |
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Physics: “Correcting nearsightedness and
farsightedness”. Correcting nearsightedness and farsightedness; optics
of glasses and contact lenses. Near point and far point. Lens power; diopters |
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Physics: “Lenses and mirrors. Snell’s law”. Radius of curvature. Plane mirrors; ray tracing. Magnification. Special cases--object distance = infinity; object distance = f; object distance = 2f; object distance = 0. Reflection. The speed of light and index of refraction. Refraction; Snell’s law. |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Lenses, mirrors, the eye”. Lenses and mirrors. Magnification. Ray tracing. Optics of the eye—normal vision |
Optics |
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Physics: “Lenses, mirrors, reflection, refraction”. Lenses, mirrors, ray tracing. Reflection. Refraction; Snell's Law; the index of refraction; n=c/v |
Optics |
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Problem discussed in video (1) |
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Physics: “Huygens’ principle; mirrors; the eye”. Huygens’ principle. A lens/mirror problem. An eye problem. |
Optics |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Light, lenses, mirrors; relativity”. Light and waves. Lenses and mirrors. A relativity problem. |
Optics |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Double-slit experiment. Diffraction gratings. Thin films”. Interference and diffraction. Double-slit experiment. Diffraction gratings (multiple slit experiment). Thin films |
Problems discussed in the video |
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Physics: “Intensity of EM waves. Multiple lenses”. Power, intensity, and radiation pressure from electromagnetic waves; the Poynting vector. A multiple lens problem. An eye problem. A contact lens problem |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Intensity. Multiple lenses. Polarization”. Electromagnetic
waves—intensity, power, peak electric and magnetic fields. Ray tracing
for multiple lenses. Polarization. The Brewster (polarizing) angle. A camera
problem. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Interference and diffraction”. "In phase" vs. "out of phase". Constructive vs. destructive interference. Double-slit interference. Multiple slit interference / diffraction gratings. Single-slit diffraction; Huygens' principle. Thin films |
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Physics: “Thin films”. Thin films. Double-slit interference |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Thin films; the eye; lenses and mirrors”. A relativity problem. A problem involving the Doppler effect and diffraction gratings. Thin films. Optics of the eye and of corrective lenses. Lenses and mirrors |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Polarization. Total internal reflection”. Polarization of light; the law of Malus. CDs, DVDs, and the diffraction limit. A glasses problem. Refraction, Snell's law, total internal reflection. The Brewster (polarizing) angle. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Special relativity”. Special relativity. Length contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic energy and momentum |
Relativity |
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Problems discussed in this video |
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Physics: “De Broglie wavelength. Bohr atom”. Quantum mechanics--wave/particle duality and quantization. Photons: wavelength, energy, frequency (E=hf). Electrons and other particles with mass: de Broglie wavelength, momentum, energy. The Bohr model of the atom |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “De Broglie wavelength. Photon energy”. Power and intensity of electromagnetic wavefronts. Blackbody radiation. Photons (E=hf). The de Broglie wavelength. The Bohr atom |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Photoelectric effect”. Quantum mechanics. Photoelectric effect. De Broglie wavelength. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. |
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Physics: “Quantum numbers. Intensity, photons”. Quantum mechanics. Quantum numbers and the periodic table; allowed quantum numbers. Problems about intensity, photon energy (E=hf), de Broglie wavelength, and the Bohr model of the atom. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Particle in a box. Quantum numbers”. Quantum mechanics. Infinite square well (“particle in a box”)—how to calculate probabilities using the wave function; electron energy-level transitions via photon absorption. Quantum numbers and the periodic table; allowed quantum numbers |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Some quantum number problems”. Some quantum number problems, involving possible quantum numbers and ground-state electron configurations |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Nuclear physics”. Nuclear physics. Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Mass number (A) and atomic number (“charge number”, Z); conventional symbolism for nuclei. Alpha, beta, and gamma particles; alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Mathematics of radioactive decay; decay constant; half-life. Radioactive dating (carbon-14) |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “More nuclear physics”. Nuclear physics. Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Mass number (A) and atomic number (“charge number”, Z); conventional symbolism for nuclei. Alpha, beta, and gamma particles; how decay particles behave in magnetic fields. Mathematics of radioactive decay; decay constant; half-life. Biological effects of radiation; rads, RBE (relative biological effect), rems. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Mass defect and binding energy”. Nuclear physics—mass defect and binding energy. |
Table and problem discussed in this video series |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Chemistry: “Ratio units” |
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Chemistry: “Scientific notation”. Scientific notation. How to convert numbers in scientific notation into regular notation, and how to convert numbers in regular notation into scientific notation. How to interpret and compare numbers written in scientific notation. The concept of "orders of magnitude". How to use scientific notation on a calculator. How to do calculations involving scientific notation without a calculator |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry”. Chemistry: Stoichiometry. Converting between grams and moles. The mole; Avogadro's number. Converting between moles and molecules. Converting between grams of one molecule and grams of another molecule, using the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced chemical equation |
Sources of equivalence statements |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry. Atoms, molecules, moles”. Stoichiometry. Atoms and molecules. Unit conversion, metric prefixes, equivalence statements. Atomic mass unit (amu), mole, Avogadro's number, molar mass. Converting between grams and moles; converting between grams and atoms or molecules |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Conversion factors discussed in the videos |
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Sources of equivalence statements |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry. ICE tables. Limiting reagent”. Stoichiometry. Balancing chemical equations.
Initial-change-end (ICE) tables. Using stoichiometric
calculations to determine the amounts of reactants and products. Limiting
reagent |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry problems”. Stoichiometry problems. Atomic mass of naturally occurring isotopes. “Mixture problems” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Mass spectrometry problems”.
Stoichiometry problems involving mass spectrometry |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Heat, temperature, and phase change”. Heat, temperature, and phase change. Specific heat. Heat of fusion and heat of vaporization |
Table of specific heats |
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Table of heats of fusion and vaporization |
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Chemistry: “Calorimetry”. Calorimetry. Specific heat and heat capacity. Bomb calorimetry. Coffee-cup calorimetry |
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Chemistry: "Colligative properties". Colligative properties. Boiling point elevation. Freezing point depression. Vapor pressure lowering; Raoult's law. Osmotic pressure |
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Chemistry: “Chemical bonding: energy vs. distance graph”. Graph of energy vs. internuclear distance; chemical bonding, bond length, and bond energy |
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Chemistry: “Equilibrium. Le Châtelier’s Principle”. Chemical equilibrium. Reaction quotient (Q). Equilibrium constant (K). Le Châtelier’s principle |
Equilibrium and completion reactions |
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Chemistry:
“Acids and bases. Calculating pH. Titrations”. Acids and
bases. Calculating pH and pOH. Water autoionization; water ion-product constant (Kw). Acid dissociation constant (Ka).
Buffer solutions; Henderson-Hasselbach equation.
Titrations; equivalence point; half-equivalence point |
Types of acid/base problems |
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Buffer solutions. Logarithms”. Qualitative introduction to buffer solutions (acid/base chemistry). How to approximate logarithms and pHs without a calculator. |
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Chemistry: “Buffers. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation”. How to solve quantitative problems about buffer solutions using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation (acid/base chemistry) |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Calculating pH for acid-base titrations”. Calculating pH at various points on a titration curve. Titration of a strong acid with a strong base--vertical intercept; left of equivalence point; equivalence point; right of equivalence point. Titration of a weak acid with a strong base—vertical intercept; half-equivalence point; equivalence point; right of equivalence point. How to do titration calculations without a calculator |
Types of acid/base problems |
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Chemistry: "Molar solubility and Ksp, explained step by step". Molar solubility. Ksp (solubility product). Finding the most soluble compound. Common ion effect |
Ksp table |
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Chemistry: “Solubility product (Ksp) and molar
solubility”. Dissolution and precipitation reactions. Solubility
product (Ksp) and ion product (Q).
Application of ICE tables to dissolution reactions. Molar solubility. How to
find the solubility from the Ksp; how to
find the Ksp from the solubility. Common
ion effect |
Solubility |
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Chemistry: “Photoelectric effect”. Energy, frequency, and wavelength of photons. Photoelectric effect |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Bohr model problems”. Problems involving the Bohr model of electronic transitions for the hydrogen atom and other one-electron species |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Quantum numbers” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Kinetics--rate laws from experimental data”. Chemical kinetics. Determining the rate law from experimental data through the method of initial rates. Exponents, rate constant, units for the rate constant. Order of the reaction |
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Chemistry: “Differential and integrated rate laws”. Chemical kinetics. Differential
rate laws. Method of initial rates. Rate constant; order of the reaction.
Zero-order, first-order, and second-order integrated rate laws. |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Table discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Chemical kinetics. Reaction mechanisms”. Chemical kinetics. Reaction mechanisms. Elementary steps; molecularity (unimolecular, bimolecular, termolecular). Rate laws for the overall reaction and for elementary steps. Rate-determining step. Mechanisms with slow first steps. Mechanisms with fast forward and reverse first steps |
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Chemistry: “Arrhenius equation. Activation
energy”. Chemical
kinetics. Arrhenius equation. Logarithms. Activation energy. Reaction energy
diagram. Transition state. Catalysis |
Logarithm properties |
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Chemistry: “Balancing redox reactions”.
Electrochemistry. Oxidation and reduction. Oxidizing agent and reducing
agent. Oxidation number, also known as oxidation state. Balancing
oxidation-reduction reactions, also known as redox
reactions, using the half-reaction method in acidic and basic solutions |
Redox reactions |
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Chemistry: “Electrochemistry and electrochemical cells”. Electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. Oxidation and reduction; oxidizing agents vs. reducing agents. Galvanic/voltaic cells. Cathode, anode. Free energy and cell potential. Half-reactions; reduction potentials, oxidation potentials. Salt bridge. Calculating cell potential. Faraday's constant. Work. Equilibrium constant. Nernst equation. Electrolytic cells |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Table discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “More on electrochemical cells”. Electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. Anode vs. cathode; oxidation vs. reduction; reduction potentials, oxidation potentials, and cell potentials; electron flow; positive and negative electrodes for galvanic vs. electrolytic cells |
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Chemistry: “Molecular orbital model”. Molecular orbital model of covalent
bonding. Molecular orbital (MO) energy-level diagrams. Sigma and pi molecular
orbitals; bonding and antibonding
molecular orbitals; bond order; paramagnetism
and diamagnetism. Bonding in homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules |
Figure discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Transition metals and isomerism”. Transition metals and isomerism. Transition metal electron configurations for neutral atoms and cations. Coordination compounds; oxidation number and coordination number. Coordination isomers; linkage isomers. Structural isomers vs. stereoisomers. Geometric isomers. Optical isomers |
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Chemistry: “More on transition metals and isomerism”. Transition metals and
coordination compounds. Electron configurations for neutral and cation transition metals. Coordination number; oxidation
number. Bidentate ligands;
ethylenediamine (“en”). Complex ion
geometries (octahedral, square planar, tetrahedral, linear). Isomerism.
Geometric isomers; cis and trans. Optical isomers; enantiomers. |
Tables discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Nomenclature for coordination compounds”. Nomenclature for
transition metal coordination compounds |
Tables discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Transition metals and the crystal field model”. Transition
metals and the crystal field model. Strong-field case and weak-field case;
low-spin case and high-spin case; paramagnetism and
diamagnetism; spectrochemical series; colors of
complex ions. The localized electron model of bonding in complex ions, also
known as the valence bond model |
Figures discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Kinetics of radioactive decay.
Half-life”. Nuclear
chemistry. Kinetics of radioactive decay. Decay constant; rate of decay
(“activity”). Half-life. Integrated rate law for radioactive
decay and other key equations |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Nuclear chemistry |
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Logarithm properties |
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Chemistry: “Nuclear chemistry. Binding energy”. Nuclear chemistry. Atomic number, mass number. Mass defect and binding energy |
Nuclear chemistry |
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Chemistry: “IUPAC alkane
nomenclature”. Introductory organic chemistry topics from the
perspective of a general chemistry course. IUPAC alkane nomenclature. Bond-line notation. How to draw
all the structural isomers of a compound. Common names for branched substituents: isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl. Naming cyclic alkanes |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to drawing resonance structures”. How to draw resonance structures. |
Resonance structures |
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Organic chemistry: “How to draw resonance structures”. The meaning of resonance. The purpose of resonance is to determine the locations of the charges. How to interpret electron-pushing arrows. Rules for drawing legal and significant resonance structures. |
Resonance structures |
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Organic chemistry: “Orbital hybridization. Sigma and pi bonds”. Hybridization
of atomic orbitals: sp3, sp2,
and sp hybridizations. Sigma vs. pi bonds. |
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Organic chemistry: “IUPAC alkane nomenclature”. IUPAC alkane nomenclature. Bond-line notation. How to draw all the structural isomers of a compound. Common names for branched substituents (isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl). Naming cyclic alkanes |
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Organic chemistry: “IUPAC nomenclature for branched substituents” |
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Organic chemistry: “R and S naming” |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry: “R and S naming problems”. |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry: “Stereochemistry”. Stereochemistry. Chiral carbons ("stereocenters") vs. chiral molecules. Meso molecules. Enantiomers and diastereomers. R and S naming |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry: “Stereochemistry and meso molecules” |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry: “How to
interpret electron-pushing arrows”. How to draw the product of a reaction,
based on the electron-pushing arrows. |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Homework problems for video (1) |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Organic chemistry: “How to
draw reasonable electron-pushing arrows”. How to draw reasonable
electron-pushing arrows. How to identify reasonable nucleophiles,
electrophiles, and leaving groups. How to identify
reasonable acids and bases. How to draw reasonable arrows for multistep mechanisms involving both nucleophile/electrophile
steps and acid/base steps. How to use acid or base to achieve the desired
reaction |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Homework problems for video (1) |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Homework problems for video (3) |
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Homework problems for video (4) |
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Homework problems for video (5) |
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Homework problems for video (6) |
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Homework problems for video (8) |
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Organic chemistry: “How to
draw and interpret resonance structures”. How to draw resonance structures. How
to interpret resonance structures. Applications of resonance to standard
topics in organic chemistry |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Homework problems for video (3) |
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Homework problems for video (4) |
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Homework problems for video (7) |
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Homework problems for video (8) |
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Homework problems for video (9) |
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Organic chemistry: “Electron-pushing arrows”. How to use electron-pushing arrows, also known as “curved arrows,” to draw intermediates and products in reaction mechanisms. |
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Organic chemistry: more on electron-pushing arrows |
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Organic chemistry: "SN2 reactions". SN2 reactions. SN2 stereochemistry. How to determine when a SN2 reaction will occur. SN2 reactions with neutral nucleophiles. Sulfonates. Factors affecting the rate of a SN2 reaction |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 handout |
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Problems document |
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Answers document |
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Organic chemistry: "SN1 reactions". SN1 reactions. SN1 stereochemistry. How to determine when a SN1 mechanism will occur. Factors affecting SN1 reactions |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 handout |
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Problems document |
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Answers document |
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Organic chemistry: "Polar protic vs. polar aprotic solvents". Polar protic vs. polar aprotic solvents for SN2 and SN1 mechanisms. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 handout |
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Problems document |
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Answers document |
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Organic chemistry: "E2 reactions". E2 reactions. How to determine when the mechanism is E2. Major and minor E2 products (Zaitsev and Hofmann rules). Anti-periplanar transition state; using Newman projections to determine the correct stereochemistry for an E2 product. E2 mechanisms on rings. E2 and chair cyclohexane. Factors affecting E2 mechanisms |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 handout |
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"Rules for using electron-pushing arrows" handout |
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E2 guidelines |
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Problems document |
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Answers document |
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Organic chemistry: "E1 reactions". E1 reactions. How to determine when the mechanism is E1. Reactions involving both E1 and SN1 products. Factors affecting E1 mechanisms |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 handout |
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Problems document |
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Brief Answers document |
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Explained Solutions document |
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Organic chemistry: “Some SN2, SN1, E2, and E1 topics”. Polar protic vs. aprotic solvents. Carbocation rearrangements. E2 and E1 regiochemistry (Zaitsev vs. Hofmann). Antiperiplanar transition state for E2; E2 and cyclohexane |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the video) |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to Grignard reagents”. Reaction of Grignard reagents as bases with protic solvents. Reaction of Grignards as nucleophiles with aldehydes and ketones. Introduction to synthesis with Grignards. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “Alcohol nomenclature” |
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Organic chemistry: “Alcohols, oxidation, and reduction”. Oxidation of alcohols (PCC). Reduction of aldehydes and ketones with Grignards to form alcohols. Synthesis with Grignards. Reduction of aldehydes with NaBH4 or LiAlH4 to form alcohols. |
Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Alcohols”. Reaction of alcohols with acids and bases. Oxidation and reduction involving alcohols—PCC, Grignard reagents. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the video) |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Grignards”. How to make Grignards and alkyl lithiums (organometallics). Reactions of Grignards and alkyl lithiums (with protic solvents, aldehydes and ketones, and epoxides/oxacyclopropanes). Synthesis problems—using radical halogenation, E2, SN2, oxidation (PCC), and Grignards for synthesis. The “retrosynthesis” technique for solving synthesis problems. |
Radical halogenation of alkanes |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the video) |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Organometallics”. Halogenation of alcohols (PBr3, SOCl2). Organometallics (Grignards, alkyl lithiums, organocuprates). Using the retrosynthesis technique to solve synthesis problems involving organocuprates (Gilman reagents). |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the videos) |
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R- and H- |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Ethers”. Ethers. Williamson ether synthesis (preparation of ethers via SN2); retrosynthesis. Digression on how to remember the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions of acids and bases. Cleavage of ethers with haloacid (HX). Effect of positive formal charges on reactivity. Effect of acid or base on reactivity. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Reactivity and arrow-pushing (these revised handouts differ somewhat from the older versions discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “Oxacyclopropanes, also known as epoxides”. Oxacyclopropanes, also known as epoxides, oxiranes, or ethylene oxides. Ring strain. Synthesis of oxacyclopropanes with peroxycarboxylic acids (“peracids”) such as peracetic acid or MCPBA. Acid-catalyzed ring opening; ring opening with anionic nucleophiles; ring opening with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). Diol (“glycol”) synthesis--anti dihydroxylation of an alkene via hydrolysis of oxacyclopropane intermediate; syn dihydroxylation of an alkene with osmium tetroxide (OsO4). Effect of a negative formal charge on reactivity. Regiochemistry of oxacyclopropane ring opening—when does the nucleophile attack the more substituted carbon and when does it attack the less substituted carbon? |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to proton NMR spectroscopy”. Introduction to proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Equivalent vs. nonequivalent hydrogens; chemical shift; integration; spin-spin splitting. |
Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Organic chemistry: “Another introduction to proton NMR”. Introduction to proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Equivalent vs. nonequivalent hydrogens; chemical shift; integration; spin-spin splitting. Degrees of unsaturation |
Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Organic chemistry: “Proton NMR problems”. Proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) problems |
NMR table and problems |
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Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Organic chemistry: “Infrared spectroscopy problems” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Organic chemistry: “Proton NMR and infrared spectroscopy problems”. Problems involving both proton NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy |
Problems discussed in the video |
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Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Tables discussed in the video |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to mass spectrometry”. Mass spectrometry. Molecular/parent ion; base peak. Carbon-13; bromine and chlorine isotopes. Fragmentation and substitution |
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Organic chemistry: “Addition to alkenes: H2, HX, H2O”. Alkene addition reactions. Addition of H2 (hydrogenation). Electrophilic additions: addition of HX (hydrohalogenation); addition of H2SO4, H2O (hydration); addition of H2SO4, ROH. Addition of HX in presence of ROOR (radical addition using peroxide initiator). Regiochemistry: Markovnikov vs. anti-Markovnikov |
Alkenes |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Organic chemistry: “Alkenes: hydrogenation; addition of HX”. Addition reactions with alkenes: addition of H2 (hydrogenation); electrophilic addition of HX (hydrohalogenation). Markovnikov vs. anti-Markovnikov. |
Alkenes |
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Organic chemistry: “Addition of halogens (HX or X2) to alkenes”. Addition to alkenes. Electrophilic addition of HX (halohydrogenation). Addition of H2 (hydrogenation). Addition of HBr with ROOR (radical addition). Addition of Br2 or Cl2 (halogenation). |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Alkenes |
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Organic chemistry: “Alkenes: addition of HBr, BH3, X2”. Alkene addition reactions. Addition of H2 (hydrogenation). Addition of HBr, with or without peroxides. Addition of BH3 to get alcohols (hydroboration-oxidation). Addition of X2. |
Alkenes |
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Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Organic chemistry: “Hydrogenation and halogenation”. Alkene addition reactions. Problems involving degrees of unsaturation and hydrogenation (addition of H2). E/Z naming of alkenes. Problems involving addition of X2 (halogenation). Forming alkenes from alcohols via E1 (dehydration with H2SO4) or E2. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes”. Alkene addition reactions. Addition of HX, with or without peroxides. Addition of sulfuric acid and water (hydration). Addition of BH3 (hydroboration-oxidation). Oxymercuration-demercuration. Addition of X2 in alcohol. Creation of expoxides (oxacyclopropanes): from alkenes using MCPBA; from vicinal haloalcohols with base. Ozonolysis. |
Alkenes |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Dihydroxylation of alkenes”. Alkene addition reactions. Addition of OsO4 (osmium tetroxide) to achieve syn dihydroxylation. Using epoxides to achieve anti dihydroxylation. A synthesis problem. The synthetic toolbox. When does steric hindrance block one face of a trigonal planar intermediate? |
Synthetic toolbox |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthesis using addition to alkenes”. Some synthesis problems involving alkenes and electrophilic addition. |
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Organic chemistry: “Alkyne synthesis and reactions”. Electronegativity of alkyne carbons; acidity of alkynes; use of alkynyl anions as nucleophiles for SN2 reactions and for attack on oxacyclopropanes (epoxides). Alkyne synthesis from dihaloalkanes by double elimination; alkyne synthesis from alkenes by halogenation-double dehydrohalogenation. Alkyne reactions. Hydrogenation of alkynes; hydrogenation of alkynes with Lindlar catalyst to form cis alkenes; sequential one-electron reduction of alkynes with sodium metal to form trans alkenes. Electrophilic addition of HX to alkynes; electrophilic addition of X2 to alkynes (halogenation). Enols; tautomerization; mercuric ion-catalyzed hydration of alkynes to form ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Radical halogenation
reactions”. Radical halogenation via radical chain mechanisms. Radical halogenation of alkanes (a
radical substitution reaction). Radical allylic halogenation using NBS (radical substitution). Radical
addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of peroxides (an
anti-Markovnikov addition). |
Radical halogenation of alkanes |
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Alkenes |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthesis problems”. Single- and multi-step synthesis problems. (First-semester final exam review session.) |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Synthetic toolbox |
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Organic chemistry: “Organic chemistry tips” |
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Organic chemistry: “How to
interpret electron-pushing arrows”. How to draw the product of a reaction,
based on the electron-pushing arrows. |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Homework problems for video (1) |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Organic chemistry: “How to
draw reasonable electron-pushing arrows”. How to draw reasonable
electron-pushing arrows. How to identify reasonable nucleophiles,
electrophiles, and leaving groups. How to identify
reasonable acids and bases. How to draw reasonable arrows for multistep mechanisms involving both nucleophile/electrophile
steps and acid/base steps. How to use acid or base to achieve the desired
reaction |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Homework problems for video (1) |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Homework problems for video (3) |
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Homework problems for video (4) |
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Homework problems for video (5) |
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Homework problems for video (6) |
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Homework problems for video (8) |
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Organic chemistry: “How to
draw and interpret resonance structures”. How to draw resonance structures. How
to interpret resonance structures. Applications of resonance to standard
topics in organic chemistry |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Homework problems for video (3) |
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Homework problems for video (4) |
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Homework problems for video (7) |
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Homework problems for video (8) |
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Homework problems for video (9) |
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Organic chemistry: “Conjugated pi molecular orbitals”. Pi molecular orbital diagrams for conjugated systems |
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Organic chemistry: “Diels-Alder reaction”. Diels-Alder reaction. Dienes, dienophiles; s-cis, s-trans; electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents; “outside” vs. “inside” positions; “endo” vs. “exo” approaches. Molecular orbital diagram for Diels-Alder transition state (Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory); molecular orbital diagrams for endo vs. exo transition states. |
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Organic chemistry: “Retro Diels-Alder
reaction”. The Diels-Alder
and retro Diels-Alder reactions. A synthesis problem. |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrocyclic
reactions”. Electrocyclic
reactions (a type of “pericyclic”
reaction”). Woodward-Hoffmann selection rules; conrotatory
vs disrotatory. Molecular
orbital explanation for the selection rules, using Frontier Molecular Orbital
Theory |
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Organic chemistry: “Aromaticity and Huckel's rule”. How to determine whether a molecule is aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic. Huckel's rule |
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Organic chemistry: “Huckel’s rule: aromatic vs. antiaromatic”. Using Huckel’s rule to determine whether a molecule is aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic |
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Organic chemistry: “Benzenes and phenols”. Benzene nomenclature; “phenyl” vs. “benzyl”; ortho, meta, and para. Phenol nomenclature. Acidity of phenols. Deprotonated phenols as nucleophiles; preparation of alkyl aryl ethers using Williamson ether synthesis. Kolbe carboxylation. Hydrogenolysis of benzylic ethers |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrophilic aromatic substitution”. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) of benzene—halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and alkanoylation. Electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups—activators vs deactivators, ortho/para-directors vs. meta-directors. |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrophilic aromatic substitution problems” |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthetic strategies for
substituted benzenes”. Strategies for synthesizing substituted benzenes using electrophilic aromatic substitutions--interconversion
of nitro and amino substituents; interconversion of alkanoyl and
alkyl substituents, Clemmensen
reduction, disadvantages of Friedel-Crafts alkylation (rearrangements and overalkylation);
reversible sulfonation as a blocking procedure;
moderating the activating power of amino and hydroxy
substituents. Arenediazonium
salts; Sandmeyer reactions; synthesis of phenol
from an arenediazonium salt. “Phenyl”
vs. “benzyl”; oxidation of benzylic
carbons to carboxylic acids with hot potassium permanganate (KMnO4) |
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Organic chemistry: “Nucleophilic aromatic substitution”. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of benzene. Substitution through benzyne intermediates. Summary of methods for synthesis of phenols. Benzylic oxidation to carboxylic acids; synthesis problems involving benzylic oxidation. Radical benzylic halogenation |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldehydes
and ketones. Acetals and ketals”. Nucleophilic
attack on aldehydes and ketones;
the three main categories of nucleophilic attack. A category 1 reaction: attack by a
Grignard to form an alcohol. A category 2 reaction: attack by alcohol in
acidic conditions to form an acetal or ketal. A category 2 “reverse”
reaction: reaction of an acetal or ketal with aqueous acid to form an aldehyde
or ketone. How treatment of reagents with acid or
base affects reactivity |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “More on aldehydes and ketones”. Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones; the three main categories of nucleophilic attack. Two category 1 reactions: attack by a Grignard to form an alcohol; attack by LAH to form an alcohol. A category 2 reaction: attack by alcohol in acidic conditions to form an acetal or ketal. A category 2 “reverse” reaction: reaction of an acetal or ketal with aqueous acid to form an aldehyde or ketone |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldehyde
and ketone problems”. Aldehyde/ketone nomenclature problems. Spectroscopy
problems. Hydration (nucleophilic addition of water
to aldehydes and ketones
to form geminal diols.
Reactivity of aldehydes and ketones.
Effects of acid or base on reactivity. Mass spectrometry of aldehydes and ketones; McLafferty rearrangement. Nucleophilic
addition of thiols to aldehydes
and ketones to form thioacetals;
desulfurization of thioacetals
with Raney nickel. |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Attack of amines on aldehydes and ketones”. Nucleophilic attack by amines on aldehydes and ketones to form imines (category 3) and enamines (category 4). Wolff-Kishner reduction. Nucleophilic addition by hydrogen cyanide on aldehydes and ketones (category 1). The Wittig reaction (category 3); how to make phosphorus ylides |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Baeyer-Villiger oxidation”. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of aldehydes and ketones to form esters. Oxidation of aldehydes to form carboxylic acids |
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Organic chemistry: “Enols and tautomerism”. Enols and enolates; tautomerism. Racemization at an α-carbon; deuterium exchange at an α-carbon. Enols as nucleophiles; acid-catalyzed α-halogenation. Boiling point of aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldehydes, ketones, enolates”. Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones; acetals and ketals. Enolates. Ylides; Wittig reaction. Mechanism problems. |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldol condensation”. Enolates. Tautomerism between aldehydes or ketones and enols. Aldol condensation |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “1,2- and 1,4-addition”. 1,2-addition and 1,4-addition (“conjugate addition”) to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. (This video does not cover 1,2- or 1,4-addition to dienes; that material is covered in the video “Electrophilic attack on conjugated dienes”.) |
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Organic chemistry: “Michael addition. Robinson annulation”. Michael addition (conjugate addition of enolate ions). Robinson annulation (Michael addition followed by aldol condensation). |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Naming aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids”. Nomenclature for aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and ethers. General names for the types of carboxylic acid derivatives |
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Organic chemistry: “Carboxylic acids and acid derivatives”. Acidity of carboxylic acids; ranking compounds in order of acidity. How to synthesize carboxylic acids: oxidation; carbonation; nitrile hydrolysis. The types of carboxylic acid derivative. The general pattern for nucleophilic attack on carboxylic acids and acid derivatives (addition-elimination). Esterification. Ranking carboxylic acids derivatives in order of reactivity |
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Organic chemistry: “Carboxylic acids”. Acidity of carboxylic acids; ranking compounds in order of acidity; acid/base reactions with carboxylic acids; extraction (laboratory separation technique). Carbonation (reaction of Grignard reagent with carbon dioxide to form carboxylic acid). Reduction of carboxylic acids with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4, or LAH) to form alcohols. Reaction of carboxylic acids with SOCl2 (thionyl chloride) to form acyl chlorides. Decarboxylation |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “Nomenclature for carboxylic acid derivatives”. Nomenclature for acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, nitriles. |
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Organic chemistry: “Carboxylic acid derivatives”. Nucleophilic attack on carboxylic acid derivatives, including hydrolysis, saponification, transesterification. |
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Organic chemistry: “More on carboxylic acid derivatives”. Nucleophilic attack on carboxylic acid derivatives, including transesterification, ester hydrolysis, attack by Grignards on esters, amide hydrolysis |
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Organic chemistry: “Hydrolysis of carboxylic acid derivatives”. Hydrolysis of carboxylic acid derivatives (acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and nitriles) to form carboxylic acids. Nucleophilic attack of alcohols and amines on carboxylic acids and acid derivatives to form esters and amides. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters to form alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Claisen
condensation. 1,3-dicarbonyls”. Overview of nucleophilic
attacks on carboxylic acids and acid derivatives through the
addition-elimination mechanism. How to make 1,3-dicarbonyls
through the Claisen condensation; the Dieckmann condensation (intramolecular
Claisen condensation). Reactions of
1,3-dicarbonyls—acetoacetic ester synthesis; malonic ester synthesis |
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Organic chemistry: “Reactions of enamines and enolates”. Enamine formation through attack of secondary amines on aldehydes and ketones; enamines as nucleophiles; alkylation of enamines; synthesis problems involving enamines. Aldol condensation; crossed aldol condensation; intramolecular aldol condensation. Claisen condensation; intramolecular Claisen condensation; crossed Claisen condensation; Claisen condensation as a route to ketones. Acetoacetic ester synthesis; malonic ester synthesis. Michael addition; Michael acceptors; Michael donors |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to amines”. Amine nomenclature. Nucleophilicity and basicity of amines. Synthesis of amines—through SN2, through lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) reduction of amides or nitriles, through the Gabriel synthesis, or through reductive amination. Overview of LAH reductions—of aldehydes and ketones, of carboxylic acids, of esters, of amides, and of nitriles. |
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Organic chemistry: “Basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines” |
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Organic chemistry: “Carbohydrates”.
Carbohydrates (sugars). D vs. L sugars; epimers.
Ring formation; |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to amino acids and peptides”. Biochemistry. How to draw amino acids. Acid/base properties of amino acids. Finding net charge of amino acids and peptides (proteins) at a specified pH. pI of amino acids and peptides. Peptide (amide) bonds. Amino acid sequencing with partial digestion by proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. Total acid hydrolysis (TAH) |
Amino acid table |
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Problem discussed in videos |
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Organic chemistry: “Amino acids and peptides”. Biochemistry--amino acids, peptides, and polypeptide sequencing. Acid/base properties of amino acids. How to draw amino acids at various pH’s. How to determine pI of a peptide; zwitterion. Acylation of the N-terminus; conversion of the C-terminus into an amide. Total acid hydrolysis (TAH). Sanger’s reagent and Dansyl chloride. Hydrazine (NH2NH2). Proteolytic enzymes--chymotrypsin, trypsin, thermolysin. A polypeptide sequencing problem |
Amino acid table |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Organic chemistry: “Amino acid and polypeptide synthesis”. Amino acid synthesis--Gabriel synthesis; Strecker synthesis. Edman degradation. Polypeptide synthesis--Cbz (carbobenzoxy) and Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino-protecting groups; protection of the carboxy terminus via ester formation; DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) carboxy-activating reagent. An example of calculating pI and charge at a specific pH for a long polypeptide |
Amino acid table |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Biochemistry: “Acids and bases”. Acids and bases. Logarithms. Water autoionization. pH and pOH. Conjugate pairs. Ka and pKa. Strong acid problems. Strong base
problems. Weak acid problems. Buffer solutions; the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Weak acid plus conjugate base
problems (i.e., buffer problems). Predicting the major form of an acid or
base by comparing pH and pKa |
Acids and bases handout |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Homework problems for video (4) |
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Biochemistry:
“Amino acids”. Amino
acids. How to determine the net charge on an amino acid at a given pH.
Determining the net charge for amino acids with acidic or basic side chains |
Amino acids handout |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Biochemistry:
“Protein structure”.
Protein structure. Drawing protein chains. Peptide bonds. How to
determine the net charge of a peptide chain at different pH’s.
Primary structure. Weak interactions; electrostatic interactions, hydrogen
bonds, Van der Waals interactions. Hydrophobic
effect. Disulfide bonds. Secondary structure; the alpha helix, beta-pleated
sheets. Alpha-keratin. Collagen. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure |
Acids and bases handout |
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Amino acids handout |
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Homework problems for video (1) |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Homework problems for video (3) |
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Homework problems for video (4) |
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Homework problems for video (5) |
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Biochemistry:
“Protein sequencing problems”. Protein sequencing problems, i.e., the
determination of the primary structure of a peptide. Hydrolysis. Dansyl chloride. Proteolytic
enzymes. Trypsin. Chymotrypsin.
Circular peptides. Thermolysin. Disulfide bonds. Carboxypeptidase. Cyanogen
bromide |
Homework problems for video (1) |
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Homework problems for video (2) |
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Biochemistry: "Protein separation and purification". Protein purification and separation. Gel electrophoresis; SDS-PAGE. Salting in and salting out; dialysis. Gel filtration (i.e., size exclusion) chromatography. Ion exchange chromatography |
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Calculus: “Basic differentiation rules”. Derivatives of power functions, constant functions, polynomials, root functions, and the natural exponential function (ex) |
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Calculus: “Product and quotient rules for differentiation”. The product and quotient rules for differentiation. Derivatives of trigonometric functions |
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Calculus: “Position, velocity, and acceleration”. How to use derivatives to answer questions about one-dimensional motion. Position, velocity, and acceleration |
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Calculus: “The chain rule” |
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Calculus: “Equation of the tangent line to a function”. How to use the derivative of a function at a point to find the equation of the tangent line to the function at that point |
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Calculus: “Implicit differentiation”. “dy/dx” notation for derivatives. Applying the chain rule using dy/dx notation. Implicit differentiation |
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Calculus: “Second derivatives” |
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Calculus: “Derivatives of natural logarithms (ln x)” |
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Calculus: “Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions” |
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Calculus: “Derivatives of general exponential and logarithmic functions”. Derivatives of general exponential functions (ax). Derivatives of general logarithmic functions (log x) |
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Calculus: “Logarithmic differentiation” |
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Calculus: “Percentage growth rates. Elasticity of
demand”. Calculating
the percentage growth rate; calculating the percentage growth rate using a logarithmic
derivative. Elasticity of demand; relation between elasticity of demand and
revenue |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Calculus: “Critical numbers. Absolute maximums and minimums on a closed interval”. Local maximums and minimums; absolute maximums and minimums. Critical numbers. The "closed interval method" for finding absolute maximums and minimums |
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Calculus: “How derivatives affect the shape of a graph”. Using the first derivative to determine where the graph of a function is increasing or decreasing. Using the second derivative to determine where the graph of a function is concave up or concave down. The First Derivative Test and Second Derivative Test for local maximums and minimums |
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Calculus: “L'Hospital's rule”. L'Hospital's rule. Indeterminate forms: 0/0, ∞/∞, and 0×∞. Review of the algebra of fractions |
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Calculus: “Optimization problems”. Optimization problems |
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Calculus: “Antiderivatives”. Antiderivatives. Antiderivatives of constant functions, power functions, cosine functions, sine functions, natural exponential functions, root functions, some rational functions, and inverse trigonometric functions; the antiderivative of 1/x. The constant multiple rule for antiderivatives; the sum rule for antiderivatives. Determining the constants in an antiderivative. Finding the position function from the velocity function |
Homework problems for video (3) |
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Calculus: “Definite integrals. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1”. The graphical interpretation of definite integrals. Using the graphical interpretation to calculate definite integrals. The “area so far” function. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1 |
Homework problems for video (2) |
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Calculus: “Definite integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2”. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2. Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2, to calculate definite integrals by using antiderivatives |
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Calculus: “Indefinite integrals and definite integrals”. Indefinite integrals. Rules for indefinite integrals. The indefinite integrals of sec x tan x and of sec2 x. Evaluating definite and indefinite integrals—practice problems |
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Calculus: “Finding displacement and distance from velocity”. How to use definite integrals to determine displacement and distance from the velocity function |
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Calculus: “Area. Riemann sums. Definite integrals”. Area. Riemann sums. Definition of the definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums. Expressing a definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums. Evaluating a definite integral by interpreting it in terms of areas. This video series covers how to express a definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums. The series does not cover how to evaluate a definite integral as a limit of Riemann sums. |
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Calculus: “The Substitution Method for integration”. How to evaluate indefinite integrals using the Substitution Method |
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Calculus: “First-semester calculus final exam
review”. First-semester calculus final exam review session. Evaluating a limit. Quotient Rule for
derivatives. Chain rule. Implicit differentiation. A 57th-order
derivative. L'Hôpital's rule. Minimizing a
function (First Derivative and Second Derivative Tests). |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Biology: “Mendelian
genetics”. Mendelian
genetics. A Mendelian genetics problem, using a Punnett square. Law of segregation. Law of independent
assortment. Exception to the law of independent assortment: linked genes.
Crossing over. Wild type vs. mutant phenotype (Morgan notation);
true-breeding plants |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Biology: “Angiosperm reproduction”. Reproduction in angiosperms (flowering plants). The parts of a flower. Formation of male and female gametophytes (pollen grain and embryo sac). Pollination. Double fertilization. Germination |
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Biology: “Plant hormones”. Plant hormones. Auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, ethylene |
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Biology: “Signal transduction pathways for the greening response”. Signal transduction pathways for the greening response in plants. The roles of phytochrome, G-proteins, cGMP, protein kinases, and calcium ions |
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Biology: “Mammalian digestive system”. Mammalian digestive system. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Glucose regulation as an example of homeostasis; insulin and glucagon |
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